This chapter is built around consideration of: community, membership and identity as it relates to learning. These concepts are theorised, related to workplace learning and, then, their application to formal schooling considered.

The concept of community: historical shifts in its prominence in politics and social science
Participation structures in alternative social structures for learning

Community as realised in Lave and Wenger’s presentations of Communities of Practice
              Alcoholics (etc) as exemplifying COP
              Tacit knowledge versus propositional knowledge
              Key features of a COP

Schools as communities (of practice)
              Brown and Duguid’s appropriation of the framework
              Cognitive apprenticeships
              CSILE and Knowledge Forum, as working model
               Reciprocal teaching
              Technology and participation (and alienation)
              Technology and epistemic communities

Classrooms and communities of discourse
              The dialogic stance
              Dialogic instruction and participation
              Curriculum and dialogic classes

Online communities
              Communities of inquiry framework
              Presence
              MOOCs as case study
             Epistemic communities